วันศุกร์ที่ 12 สิงหาคม พ.ศ. 2554

The semantic relationship of elements in the four syllable expressions of Dai Le language


In the Dai Le language ,having one kind of quit fixed phrase which is made up of four syllables . People take it to use as an unit frequently and called it four syllable expressions.
Four syllable expressions is a special kind of phrase in Dai Le language which is often being made up of two elements. The two elements that compose the four syllable expressions have different semantic relationship .Generally speaking ,they have the following semantic relationship.

1.Synonymy relations
The two elements which are made up to be the four syllable expressions have the same meaning .When they compose to be four syllable expressions,the meaning will not change .For example:

tʰɔ3mok7 tʰɔ3ʦăi1 (worry about)
(worryabout) (worryabout)

kin1jăi5 kin1loŋ1( eating and drinking extravagantly)
(engorge) (engorge)

tʰoi3van5 ʦan1ʦin1(Pot and bowl)
(Pot and bowl) (Pot and bowl)

tăŋ2ʦo6 tăŋ2ʦat8 (lifetime)
(lifetime) (lifetime)

kan1hăm6 kan1hen2 (school work)
(school work) (school work)

taŋ2dɔi3 taŋ2kin1 (food)
(food) (food)

2.The meaning is close but not same
In the case of this , the two elements which are made up to be four syllable expressions do not have the same meaning. But the meaning of the both elements are very close .For example :

lɛŋ3băi3 lɛŋ3mău2 (feigning madness and playing dumb )
(act the fool) (disguised to get drunk)

pɔk8vai5 leu1xɯn2(turn the head around)
(turn bank) (gyration)

ja5fau4 ja5hip8 (should not be busy)
(don’t hurry) (not busy)

xa3hɔ1 kun2hən2 (servant)
(place slave) (house slave)

3.Antonymy relations
In this kind ,the two elements which are composed to be the four syllable expressions have the opposite meaning .For example:

bău5ho1 bău5haŋ1 (nondescript)
(not the head) (not the tail)

luk8ʦău4 nɔn2dək7 (work very hardly)
(get up early) (sleep late)

jɔn5xɯn3 jɔn5luŋ2(an unsettled state of mind)
(go up) (get down)

pʰɔn5pin1 pʰɔn5tai1( disregard of safety)
(living) (pass away)

ʦɔm2na3 ʦɔm2lăŋ1(with a large retinue)
(many in the front) (many in the bank)

4.Incidence relations
In this kind ,the two elements which are composed to be the four syllable expressions are connected only occasionally.For example:

ʔău1to1 pin1tək8 (set an example)
(oneself) (used as the basis)

ʦăi1nɔi4 mən1kăi5 (as timid as a chick)
(timid) (like a chick)

xop9pi1 mi2mə6 (once a year)
(one year) (sometime)

lək8ti6 lək8mi2 (somewhere)
(a place) (select)

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