When one language borrow some words from another language , the loanword and the inherent word , which has the same meaning with the loanword , will compete each other . As a result of this, there will be a semantic change between loanword and inherent word . This is one kind of common phenomenon in language . For example , the word “penna” which is a word of Latin language ,means “feather”. When the word “penna” had been borrowed from Latin to English , the meaning changed .It means “Quill pen” . Because the English has a inherent word “feather” which has the same meaning with the Latin word “penna”. In this case , the inherent word occupies the seat of honor, does not change, and the loanword occupies the guest seat, has the semantic change. This is the mainstream of the semantic change when the loanword and the inherent word competes with each other .
But in Miao language ,which is used by the ethnic minority of Miao in Guizhou province in China ,has a different case with which is in English .Namely, the semantic change occurs with the inherent word ,but not with the loanword.
Nowadays , the words in Miao language which are borrowed from Chinese have formed a impact on the vernacular word system . It will usually cause a semantic change with the inherent word when the loanword and the inherent word ,which have the same meaning ,compete for the semantic status .Generally speaking , the semantic change between loanword and inherent word in Miao language mainly has the following kinds:
1．Semantic change occurs once
Semantic change occurs once refers to the case of the loanword which come from Chinese causes the inherent word , having the same meaning with the loanword , has a semantic change .
For example : the Chinese word / ʂi55 / (means: wet) ,has borrowed into Miao language ,causes the word / tɛ1 / , an inherent word of Miao language ,which means “wet” lost its original meaning .Nowadays , in Miao language the word / tɛ1 / means “get wet” .
Another example is : When the Chinese word / tan51kʰɣ214 / (means: egg shell) has borrowed into Miao language ,the word / ɬhɯ1/ ,which is a inherent word in Miao language and means egg shell ,lost its original meaning .Today , the word / ɬhɯ1/ refers to “the egg pia mater”.
2．Semantic change occurs twice
Semantic change occurs twice means when word A , which is a Chinese word , borrowed into Miao language, it causes word B , which is a inherent word in Miao language and has a same meaning with word A ,has a semantic change . In here we use B’ to mark it . At the same time ,the word B’ will cause word C , which is a inherent word in Miao language and has a same meaning with word B’ , has a semantic change.
For example : When the Chinese word / piŋ25tan214 / (means: flat) has borrowed into Miao language ,the word / tei2 / ,which is a inherent word in Miao language and means flat , lost its original meaning .Today , the word / tei2 / means straight . Meanwhile , the word / tei2 / ,which means straight ,causes the word / ʨaŋ1 / ,which is a inherent word in Miao language and means straight, has a semantic change .
3．Region imbalance
Generally speaking , when the Chinese word has borrowed into the Miao language ,it will cause different impact degree with different dialect of Miao language . This case formed an imbalance of the different dialect’s semantics change. For example : when the Chinese word / kɣ35lou214/ (means: garret) has borrowed into Miao language ,it cause the inherent word which means garret in YuLiang dialect of Miao language has disappeared . Meanwhile , in the YangHao dialect of Miao language ,the inherent word / tʰaŋ1 / which means garret dose not disappear ,but has a semantic change .Nowadays,the word / tʰaŋ1 / means stairs .
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