Words and phrases are the necessary parts of languages , they are the compositions of utterances, sentences, discourse, the carrier of meaning. Antonymy are the relations that a group of words have different (most of them are contrasting) meanings, the concepts are against each other, significances are opposite. Every language has different word formation particularities, but forming word with two or more than two lexemes is a extreme important method, it happens very often that we can see it in all of the languages around the world.
In this passage we are going to discuss two kinds of antonymys: Polar opposition and complementary opposition.
Polar opposition is the antonymy that series of words are belonged to the same category, or the gradient of same property. For example, cold and hot are couple of antonymy, from cold to hot there still cool and warm. Polar opposition have a special character that if A is true, then B must be false; but if B is not true, A do not have to be true. For instance, black and white are the color polar opposition, when black is true, so white is false, but when white is false, it can be green, red, blue or brown, it does not have to be black.
Polar opposition lexemes forming a new word, it commonly happens in Chinese, the new formed word usually epitome the whole property or category which its compositions (the lexeme) are contain or belonged to, and the meaning will be extended by association. For example:
“大”“小”——“大小”，表示尺寸。
Big [ta:51 ] small [ ɕiao214]--------- [ta:51ɕiao214 ] refers to size
“长”“短”——“长短”，表示长度。
Long [tɕha:ŋ25 ] short [tuan214 ] -------- [tɕha:ŋ25tuan214 ] refers length
“冷”“暖”——“冷暖”，表示温度，引申为社会上的人情世故，或者人心。
Cold [lə:ŋ214 ] warm [nuan214 ] ------- [lə:ŋ214nuan25 ] refers to temperature, was extended to be Inconstancy of human relationships, or the way of the world.
The second is type is complementary opposition, it means that the sum of concept extensions, complement each other to constitute the whole. This kind of antonymy does not have a transition state. A and B cannot be true at the same time, if A is true, then B is false; if A is not true, then B is true. For example:
“生”“死”——“生死”，表示一种生命状态。
Alive [ʂə:ŋ33 ] dead [sɯ:214 ] -------- [ʂə:ŋ33sɯ:214 ] refers to the state of live
“是”“非”——“是非”，表示一种性质。
Right [ʂɯ:51 ] [fei33 ] wrong [ʂɯ:51fei33 ] ------- the original meaning is right or wrong, but it was extend to be discuss or complain others’ personal weakness or error.
“男”“女”——“男女”，表示众人。
Man [na:n25 ] [ny:214 ] women [na:n25ny:214 ] ------- man and women, means all of the people.
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